1. Introduction

Mobile phones are an integral part of our daily life. They allow us to be always in touch, communicate with people from different parts of the world and gain access to a huge amount of information. But how did the history of these devices begin? Where did the first mobile phones come from and how did they evolve over time? In this section, we will look at the history of mobile phones from their inception in 1970 to today.

1.1 The importance of mobile phones in modern society

Mobile phones have become an integral part of our lives and play a huge role in modern society. They allow us to be constantly in touch with friends and family, manage our affairs, and receive news and information from various sources.

With the help of mobile phones we can use social networks, exchange messages, photos and videos. They have become not only a means of communication, but also a tool for work, entertainment and self-development.

Thanks to mobile phones, we can easily find the information we need, use online banking, order a taxi or food, and make purchases on the Internet. They have become true multimedia centers, allowing us to listen to music, watch movies and play games.

Thus, mobile phones have become an indispensable means of communication and a tool for meeting various needs in modern society. We can no longer imagine our daily life without them.

1.2 Purpose and relevance of the study

The purpose of this study is to study the history of mobile phones from their inception in 1970 to the present day. We aim to look at the evolution of these devices, their significance in modern society and their impact on our daily lives.

The history of mobile phones is not only interesting in itself, but also has practical significance. Understanding the past helps us understand the current state and predict future trends. Studying the history of mobile phones allows us to better understand what technological breakthroughs were made, how the functionality and design of devices changed.

Another important aspect of the study is understanding the impact of mobile phones on society. They have changed the way we communicate, manage business, access information and have entertainment. The study will allow us to identify both the positive and negative aspects of mobile phone use and gain a deeper understanding of their role in our lives.

Thus, this study is relevant and will help us take a fresh look at the history and significance of mobile phones in modern society.

2. The Birth of Mobile Communications: 1970s

The history of mobile phone development began in the 1970s, when the first steps towards wireless communications were taken. At this time, researchers and engineers began to work on creating systems that would allow voice messages to be transmitted without the use of wires.

In 1973, Motorola introduced the first mobile phone prototype, the DynaTAC 8000X. It weighed about 1 kilogram and measured about 23 centimeters in length. The DynaTAC 8000X was a large and expensive device that was only available to a limited number of users.

The next important step in the development of mobile communications was the creation of analogue cellular networks. In 1981, the first commercial analog network, AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), became available in the United States. Thanks to this system, mobile phones became available to a wide audience and gained great popularity.

Thus, the 1970s saw the birth and development of mobile communications, opening up new possibilities for communication and setting the stage for further progress in this field.

2.1 First attempts to create mobile phones

The first attempts to create mobile phones were made back in the 1940s, although at that time it was more like science fiction than reality. One of the first devices that can be considered the prototype of the modern mobile phone was the "Shoe Phone" - invented in the 1960s by Agent Maxwell Smart from the TV series Spy Games.

But the real boom and birth of mobile communications began in the 1970s, when Motorola developed the first commercial mobile phone, the DynaTAC 8000X. It was a real revolution in the field of communications and immediately attracted people's attention.

After this, ideas for creating mobile phones began to appear more and more. There were projects for such devices both in the commercial environment and in military developments. Some of them were successful, others not so much. But each new attempt brought us closer to modern mobile phones.

Thus, the first attempts to create mobile phones occurred decades ago and became the foundation for the development of this important area of technology.

2.2 First commercial mobile phone models

The first commercial models of mobile phones appeared in the 1980s and were analog devices. One of the first successful commercial models was the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, which was released in 1983. Although it was expensive and bulky, it attracted great interest and became a symbol of status and prestige.

In 1985, Nokia introduced its first commercial mobile phone model, the Mobira Talkman. It had a much more compact design and better functionality, which helped it become popular with a wider audience.

In the mid-1980s, the development and production of mobile phones began to develop more and more actively. Companies such as Motorola, Nokia, Ericsson and others offered new models, regularly improving their characteristics and functions. There was a reduction in the size of devices and an increase in their availability for the mass consumer.

Thus, the first commercial models of mobile phones, which appeared in the 1980s, became a landmark event in the history of mobile communications, paving the way for the mass use of this technology.

2.3 Technical limitations and problems in the initial period

During the initial period of development of mobile phones, there were some technical limitations and problems that needed to be overcome.

One of the main problems was the limitation of battery capacity. The first mobile phones were large and required massive batteries, which could only provide battery life for a short time. In addition, charging the batteries took a long time.

Another problem was the limited capacity of communication networks. In the early days, analogue systems were used, which could only handle a limited number of calls at a time, leading to congestion and connection problems.

In addition, early mobile phone models had limited functionality and could not offer as much functionality as modern devices. They provided basic communication functions, but did not support numerous applications and services.

However, these technical limitations have been overcome thanks to innovative developments and progress in the field of mobile technology. Despite the initial difficulties, mobile phones have continued to develop and become indispensable in our daily lives.

3. The Analogue Era: 1980s

The 1980s ushered in the era of analogue communications, with significant advances in the development of mobile phones. During this period, new device models were introduced that provided higher quality communications and greater functionality.

One of the biggest achievements of this time was the creation of analog cellular networks. Standards such as AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) and TACS (Total Access Communication System) have emerged and become widely used in various countries. They made it possible to more reliably transmit voice messages and make mobile calls.

This period also saw a significant reduction in the size and weight of mobile phones. They have become more compact and convenient to use, which has contributed to their wider distribution. In addition, the devices have acquired new functions such as the ability to store contacts, display the time and send SMS messages.

Despite progress in the development of mobile phones, in the 1980s they remained quite expensive and unaffordable for many users. But it was an era that laid the foundation for the future development of mobile technology and set the stage for the digital revolution that awaits us in the next decade.

3.1 Development of analogue cellular communications

The analogue era of the 1980s saw significant developments in the cellular communications system, making it more affordable and reliable.

One of the important moments in the development of analog cellular communications was the emergence of the AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) standard, which was introduced in the United States in 1983. This standard provided better communication quality and greater network capacity, which made it possible to operate on more than one frequency and handle more calls simultaneously. This has led to increased availability of mobile phones to a wider audience and contributed to their popularity.

In parallel with the development of AMPS, other analogue cellular communication standards emerged in Europe, such as NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) and TACS (Total Access Communication System). Each of them had its own characteristics and was used in different countries.

With the development of analog cellular communications, the sound quality of mobile phones has also improved. The devices began to have better matching and improved acoustic characteristics, which allowed for clearer voice transmission.

Thus, the development of analogue cellular communications in the 1980s opened up new possibilities for communication and provided impetus for the further development of mobile technologies.

3.2 Early mobile networks and standards

The development of analog cellular communications in the 1980s created the first mobile networks and standards that became the basis for the operation of mobile phones.

One of the most significant standards to emerge during this period was AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System). Launched in the United States in 1983, AMPS was the first commercial analog cellular network and was used to provide communications between mobile phones. This standard used frequency division multiplexing (FDMA) and frequency modulation, which allowed multiple channels to be used simultaneously for voice transmission.

At the same time, the NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) standard appeared in Europe, which was mainly used in the Scandinavian countries. NMT also operated on an analogue basis, but had its own features, including wider coverage and support for roaming between different operators.

Another standard developed during the analogue era is TACS (Total Access Communication System). It was developed in the UK and was widely used in Europe and several other countries. TACS provided the ability to transmit voice and data at higher speeds and had more channels than previous standards.

Thus, the emergence of the first mobile networks and standards in the 1980s made the commercial use of mobile phones possible and laid the foundation for the future development of this important area of technology.

3.3 The role of brands and manufacturers during this period

During the analog era of the 1980s, mobile phone brands and manufacturers played an important role in the development of the industry and determined its direction.

One of the most notable companies was Motorola, which released the first commercially available mobile phone, the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, in 1983. This device became a symbol of prestige and status, although its price was quite high and affordable only to some users. However, Motorola continued to develop and introduce new models, playing a key role in the development of analog communications.

Nokia also played a significant role during this period. Its Mobira Talkman, released in 1985, became one of the first commercially successful mobile phones in Europe. Nokia continued to develop and improve its devices, and its brand became one of the most recognizable and popular mobile phones in the world.

Apart from Motorola and Nokia, other companies such as Ericsson, Panasonic and Siemens also contributed to the development of mobile communications during this period. They introduced their own models and offered new features and capabilities, expanding user choice.

Thus, brands and manufacturers played a key role in the development of analogue communications in the 1980s, introducing new models and technologies that later became the basis for further progress in the world of mobile phones.

4. Digital revolution: 1990s

In the 1990s, the world of mobile phones experienced a digital revolution, which led to significant changes in the technology and functionality of these devices.

One of the key moments of this period was the introduction of second generation networks such as GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications). GSM has become the international standard for digital cellular communications and has replaced analogue communications systems, providing higher quality and more reliable voice and data communications.

The introduction of digital networks has made it possible to use mobile phones in different countries without having to switch to local standards. This has made international travel and communication with other countries much more convenient and accessible for users.

The 1990s also saw a significant reduction in the size and weight of mobile phones. They have become much more compact and lighter, which makes it possible to use them in everyday life with greater comfort.

During this period, the development of mobile applications and services also began. Mobile phones have gained new features such as SMS messaging, internet browsers and email. This has opened up new horizons for communication and implementation of various tasks directly on mobile devices.

Thus, the 1990s became a period of digital revolution in the history of mobile phones, opening up new opportunities for mass use of these devices and laying the foundation for future development.

4.1 Emergence of digital communications and new technologies

The digital revolution in the 1990s saw the emergence of digital communications and new technologies that significantly changed the mobile industry.

Digital communications have become possible thanks to the development of second generation networks such as GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications). GSM became the first international standard for digital communications, providing higher quality voice and data transmission compared to analogue systems. This was made possible through the use of digital modulation and compression of voice information.

With the advent of digital communications, new technologies began to develop, such as GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), which made it possible to transmit data at higher speeds and use Internet services on mobile devices. This move opened the door to the possibilities of the mobile Internet and increased the functionality of mobile phones.

In addition, in the 1990s, new standards and technologies began to develop, such as CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), which were used to improve communication quality and increase network capacity. These technologies have become a platform for the further development of 3G and 4G mobile networks.

Thus, the advent of digital communications and new technologies in the 1990s opened up new possibilities for data transfer and Internet services on mobile phones, continuing to drive the industry forward in the following decades.

4.2 Development of the GSM standard and development of mobile networks

During the digital revolution of the 1990s, the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) standard became one of the most important and widely used standards for mobile communications.

GSM was developed in Europe and became the first international standard for digital cellular communications. It offered a number of advantages over analogue systems, such as better communication quality, greater network capacity and more efficient use of frequencies.

The development of the GSM standard also meant an increase in the availability of mobile communications. Thanks to the global prevalence of GSM, people could use mobile communications in different parts of the world, which greatly simplified communication and communication between countries.

Along with the development of the GSM standard, mobile networks also developed. The GSM standard provided support for various generations of the mobile network - 2G, 2.5G and 2.75G. Each new generation offered improved services and functionality such as data communications, Internet services and multimedia applications.

The development of the GSM standard and the development of mobile networks in the 1990s created the basis for further progress in the field of mobile technologies and became the starting point for the emergence of the next generation of cellular networks - 3G and 4G.

4.3 Impact of mobile phones on society and business

During the digital revolution of the 1990s, the advent of mobile phones significantly changed society and business around the world.

Mobile phones have become an integral part of people's daily lives and have significantly changed the way we communicate. They offered a more convenient and accessible way of communication, allowing people to always be in touch, regardless of time and place. This has led to stronger connections between people and more effective communication.

Mobile phones have also had a significant impact on various areas of business. They allowed employees to conduct business calls and communicate outside the office, which led to increased flexibility and mobility of work processes. In addition, mobile applications and Internet services on mobile phones have brought new business capabilities such as email, online conferencing, and task management.

Not only business but other areas of society have also become dependent on mobile phones. Mobile phones have become not only a means of communication, but a source of information, entertainment and access to various services. They have transformed our ability to share moments through photos and videos, as well as providing access to social media and online platforms.

Overall, the impact of mobile phones on society and business in the 1990s was enormous. They have changed the way we live and interact, making our lives more connected and functional.

5. Modernization and innovation: 2000s

In the 2000s, the world of mobile phones continued to evolve, introducing modernization and innovation that influenced the functionality and design of devices.

One of the important moments of this period was the development of third generation networks - 3G. 3G allowed higher data speeds and improved call quality, opening up new possibilities for using the Internet on mobile phones. This has led to the emergence of mobile applications, streaming services and other online services available directly on devices.

The 2000s also saw the increasingly common use of touch screens in mobile phones. Touchscreens have opened up new ways to interact with devices, allowing you to control phone functions with touch. This has influenced the design of mobile devices, making them more convenient and intuitive for users.

This period also saw the emergence of smartphones, which combined the functions of a telephone, PDA and personal computer into one device. Smartphones have made it possible to use various applications, Internet access, email, multimedia functions and much more. They have become not only a means of communication, but also entire multimedia centers, significantly expanding the capabilities of users.

In addition, the 2000s saw the development of mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android, which became the basis for running smartphones and other mobile devices. These operating systems provided more freedom and flexibility for developers and users to create and use applications.

Thus, modernization and innovation in the 2000s led to the advent of smartphones, touch screens and new ways to use mobile devices, ushering in a new era in the history of mobile phones.

5.1 Transition to smartphones and multifunction devices

The 2000s saw a significant shift from simple mobile phones to smartphones and multifunction devices, which changed the way we use and interact with mobile devices.

Smartphones combine the functions of a telephone, a personal organizer, a camera, a multimedia player and Internet applications. Thanks to this, they have become not just a means of communication, but also a center for work, entertainment and connection with the outside world.

The ability to use various applications on smartphones has opened up new horizons for users. Mobile applications have provided access to social networks, instant messengers, games, food ordering services, banking services and much more. This has made smartphones an integral part of daily life, making tasks easier and satisfying our needs.

In addition, smartphones have become multifunctional devices for work and entertainment. They provide the ability to view videos and photos, listen to music, read e-books and even use GPS navigation. With powerful processing power and large storage capacity, users can perform complex tasks and store large amounts of information directly on their smartphones.

The transition to smartphones and multifunctional devices in the 2000s changed the way we live and work. They have become an integral part of our everyday life, helping us to always be in touch, organize our work and enjoy various entertainments.

5.2 The rise of the Internet and mobile applications

In the 2000s, the Internet became widely available and popular around the world, and mobile phones were able to take advantage of this new space. The rise of the Internet and mobile applications has led to a new era in mobile phone development.

With the ability to connect to the Internet on mobile devices, new functionality and services have become available. Users could search for information, read news, view and share content, interact on social networks and much more on their mobile phones.

The development of mobile applications has become one of the key characteristics of this period. Mobile applications provided the user with convenient and easy access to various services and functions. From social networks and instant messengers to online banking and games, mobile applications have become an integral part of everyday life.

Particular attention has been paid to the development and optimization of mobile applications for smartphones. The developers have introduced new features, improved usability, and ensured compatibility across all platforms to provide users with a wide selection of quality apps across various categories.

The rise of the Internet and mobile apps in the 2000s led to an explosion of the digital ecosystem on mobile devices. It has changed the way we communicate, work and play, opening up new possibilities and expanding the boundaries of our connectivity in a digitalized world.

5.3 Emergence of new brands and competitors in the market

During the 2000s, the mobile industry became very competitive, with new brands and players entering the mobile phone market.

One of the key events was the emergence of Apple and its product - the iPhone. A completely new approach to design and user interface led to the huge success of the iPhone and the new era of smartphones. They have become synonymous with smartphones and have influenced the entire mobile device market.

With the emergence of new brands and competitors such as Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi and others, the mobile phone market has diversified and become even more dynamic. Competition between brands has stimulated innovation, improving specifications and offering new features on mobile devices. Different models and series of phones have emerged to suit the different needs and preferences of users.

In the 2000s, the Android mobile operating system, proposed by Google, also began to develop. Android quickly became a popular OS for mobile devices and provided the opportunity for other manufacturers to create smartphones based on it.

The emergence of new brands and competitors in the mobile phone market in the 2000s led to intense developments in technology and design, and created more choice for consumers. This has become one of the key factors shaping the modern landscape of the mobile industry.

6. Current trends: 2010s

In the 2010s, mobile phones continued their rapid development, introducing new technologies and opening up a wider range of possibilities for us.

One of the key trends of this period was the development of 4G and later generations of networks, which made it possible to achieve even higher data transfer speeds and improve communication quality. This has led to the ability to stream high-definition videos, download large files and use mobile applications with high Internet speed requirements.

In the 2010s, the focus also shifted to developing improved cameras on mobile phones. The quality of photographs and videos has improved significantly, and mobile phones have become the most common means of photography and video recording. Various advanced features such as optical zoom and different shooting modes have also become available on mobile cameras.

Smartphones have become even more powerful and smart in the 2010s. They provided more processing power, improved graphics capabilities, and more memory. Users gained access to more complex and resource-intensive applications, games and multimedia content. The batteries have also undergone improvements, allowing devices to be used longer without the need for frequent charging.

In the 2010s, the lines between mobile phones and other devices such as tablets and laptops became increasingly blurred. Some smartphones have acquired larger screens, support for peripheral devices and the ability to connect to an external monitor, turning them into full-fledged multimedia and workstations.

Overall, modern trends in the mobile industry in the 2010s have continued to expand the capabilities and reliability of mobile phones, making them an integral part of our daily lives.

6.1 Development of the LTE standard and improvement of Internet speed

In the 2010s, the development of the mobile Internet reached a new level thanks to the introduction of the LTE (Long-Term Evolution) standard and its subsequent updates.

The LTE standard has significantly improved data transfer speeds on mobile devices. It provided faster loading of web pages, watching high-definition videos, streaming music and other high-bandwidth online services. New versions of the standard, such as LTE-Advanced and LTE-Advanced Pro, have made it possible to further increase the speed and performance of Internet connections on mobile devices.

Improvements in Internet speed and the development of the LTE standard have had a huge impact on users' mobile experience. Fast loading of pages and content, smooth video streaming, fast downloads and application updates - all this has made using the mobile Internet even more convenient and efficient.

The development of the LTE standard has also contributed to the expansion of network coverage, which means that people around the world have access to a more stable and faster Internet connection on their mobile devices.

Internet speed has become a key factor in choosing and using mobile phones in the 2010s. Users expect high-speed Internet access to instantly obtain information, interact with online services and enjoy various forms of entertainment directly on their mobile devices.

6.2 Expanding the functionality and capabilities of smartphones

In the 2010s, smartphones continued to expand their functionality and offer more options to users.

One of the key characteristics of modern smartphones is their versatility. They began to integrate a wide range of applications and services, from communication on social networks to working with documents, games and entertainment. Users can use smartphones to take photos, shoot videos, watch movies, listen to music, read e-books, and more.

Touch screen technology has continued to evolve and improve. In the 2010s, smartphones began to have large, high-quality touchscreen displays that allow the user to interact with the device more comfortably. Screen resolution and clarity have improved significantly, making viewing content and using applications even more convenient and enjoyable.

Processors and systems on a chip (SoC) have become more powerful, allowing smartphones to handle faster and more computing tasks. Increasing the amount of RAM and permanent memory gave the user more space to store their data, applications, photos and videos.

Batteries have also received improvements, allowing smartphones to last longer without needing to be charged. Fast charging and wireless charging have become increasingly popular features on smartphones.

The ability to connect to various types of accessories, such as wireless headphones, fitness trackers, virtual reality (VR), has become commonplace on modern smartphones. This allows users to customize their device experience and expand its functionality.

The expansion of smartphone functionality and capabilities in the 2010s has created new opportunities for users, turning their devices into true omnivorous tools that serve a variety of needs and purposes.

6.3 The influence of mobile phones on human behavior and communication

Mobile phones have a huge influence on our behavior and communication in the 2010s.

They have become an integral part of our lives, always available and at our fingertips. We can contact people at any time, send messages, call or use instant messengers. This has changed our habits and expectations for fast and continuous communication.

Online social networks and instant messengers have become one of the most popular applications on mobile phones. They provide us with the opportunity to keep in touch with friends and family, share photos, videos and moments from our lives. Mobile phones have become our means of expression and communication with the world around us.

However, the presence of mobile phones has also led to some negative aspects. Mobile phone addiction and constant availability can lead to decreased attention and our ability to be present in the real world. We can often get distracted from important tasks or moments in life by delving into the virtual world.

Additionally, social norms and etiquette surrounding the use of mobile phones have also continued to evolve. Meetings with friends or business meetings can be disrupted due to constant interaction with mobile devices. The need to find a balance between the use of mobile phones and real communication has become a pressing issue for many people.

Overall, mobile phones have a major influence on our behavior and communication in the 2010s. They have become an integral part of our lifestyle, providing us with opportunities for connection and communication, but they require awareness and responsibility in their use in order not to forget the value of real communication and moments of real life.

Mobile phones have evolved enormously over the past few decades, evolving from simple communication tools to powerful and versatile devices.

Since the 1970s, the first portable phones have emerged, which over time have become increasingly compact, functional and accessible to a wider audience. In the 1990s, the first mobile phones appeared in flip and slider forms, and in the 2000s, smartphones allowed us to access the Internet and a huge number of applications.

Modern mobile phones not only provide us with communication and communication, but have also become our guides in the world of information, entertainment and work. They have high-quality cameras, powerful processors, large and clear screens, and many features that help us in our daily lives.

During their development, mobile phones have also had a significant impact on society. They have changed the way we communicate, work, create and consume content. They have made information more accessible, connected people around the world and created new opportunities for development and innovation.

However, despite all the benefits, we also need to be user conscious and find a balance in our use of mobile phones and the real world around us.

The history of mobile phones shows incredible progress and innovation that have made them an integral part of our lives. This exciting journey of development continues and we can only look forward to new technologies and features that will change the way we communicate and daily live in the future.

Having considered the history of mobile phones from the 1970s to the present day, we can draw the following conclusions:

1. Mobile phones began their journey as large and expensive devices that were only available to a limited number of people. Over time, they have become smaller, lighter and more accessible to a wider audience.
2. The seminal moment of the first public call from a mobile phone was made in 1973 by Martin Cooper, and this event laid the foundation for the development of mobile communications as we know it today.
3. During the 1980s and 1990s, mobile phones became increasingly popular and affordable, but their functionality was limited and relied on simple voice communication.
4. In the 2000s, with the advent of smartphones, the mobile phone industry experienced a revolution. Smartphones have given us access to the Internet, applications, media content and have become an integral part of our daily lives.
5. The development of mobile technologies and communication standards such as LTE has led to a significant increase in Internet speed on mobile devices, allowing us to use smartphones more efficiently for various purposes.
6. Mobile phones have had a major impact on our behavior and communication, giving us constant access to communication and information.

The history of mobile phones is one of constant development and innovation. She continues to demonstrate how technology can change our lives and how we interact with each other. With every new breakthrough and advancement, mobile phones continue to become more powerful, functional and indispensable to our modern lives.

7. Prospects for the development of mobile phones in the future

Mobile phones continue to progress and evolve, with a number of exciting new technologies and features expected in the future.

One of the main development prospects is the introduction of 5G networks. 5G promises even faster internet speeds and lower data latency. This will expand the capabilities of mobile phones, enabling more powerful applications such as virtual and augmented reality, cloud computing and large volumes of streaming media content.

The development and improvement of cameras on mobile phones also remains a focus for the industry. We are expected to see even more advanced smartphone cameras in the future, with enhanced capabilities and new imaging technologies that will allow us to take more professional photos and videos.

Improving batteries and introducing energy-efficient charging technologies will also be key aspects in the development of mobile phones. Future smartphone models will likely have larger batteries that last longer, as well as wireless charging and new fast charging methods.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and voice interfaces will become increasingly common in future smartphone models. Increasing the performance and processing power of smartphones will allow them to process larger amounts of data, which will help improve the user experience and provide more personalized services.

Security and data protection will also remain important aspects of mobile phone development. In the future, it is expected that new authentication methods, biometric technologies, and stronger encryption will be introduced to provide greater security to the user's personal information.

Overall, the future of mobile phones presents many opportunities and innovations. New technologies, features and applications will make our smartphones more powerful, smarter and indispensable in our daily lives, opening up new ways for us to communicate, entertain and work.